S5s.li 



211 

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y 1 



^: JACKSONVILLE REAL ESTATE BOARD 

1 1 

■:(i.\i, coMMrrTKK ox wahkiioi-sks for swkkt potatoes 

AM) 'I'llK MAMFACTrKK ()V liV-l'HODrCTS 

('. I,VMAN SI'KNCKK. ('li;iiini:iri 

I'. .). I>. LAHMOVKUX il. II. SIMMOXS 



Indisihim. lii i.i.iiiiN No. 1, M\^ !), 1!)17 



The CiRiXd Axi) W'.XHEiiorsixf; of 

The Southern Sweet Potato and Yam 

M AKKFTIXO. .\X1)T11K M A X F FACTLkl XC. OF ClLLS.VXD SfKI'LUS 

ixTo Bv- Products 



A PERISHABLE FOOD-CROP 
TIRNEI) INTO A STAPLE 
PRODUCT WHICH WILL 
KEEP FOR MONTHS AND 
SHIP LONC DISTANCES 



"huproi'rinciil of sloidf/r inclhods, milh siiildblr iHin'rlirs 
ami (ulcqiutlr hansporiation should put the suwcl potato on 
f/iiitc (i.s stable a basis as the Irish potattt crop of the \orth." 
Report .'W. U. S. Bureau of Markets, page If,',. 



"The farmer is himself a manufacturer". '^^ J 3 

"This country has innumerable examples of success in 
manufacturing, but where can be found one in which all the 
thought is given to production, and no attention is given to the 
distribution and selling of the products?" 

When we observe the farmer, failing — for want of ware- 
houses — to "store his crops until the markets are ready to use 
them"; placing his products upon the market uncured, un- 
graded and not standardized for trade channels: raising those 
products in quantities which should supply a Nation, and 
which he attempts to sell through local markets in less than 
carload lots; "the conclusion is formed that his marketing 
methods are not worthy of the name, as they consist chiefly in 
dumping, rather than marketing." 

"The average grower is not competent to grade and inspect 
his own products, and, even if he were, he does not produce 
enough to create a reputation beyond the limits of his own 

private trade." 

U. 8. Department of Agriculture. Year Book Ifll.'/. pages 18G and 1S7. 

Yearbook U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1914. Plate XIV 




Partial View of (Jne of Two Strictly Co-operative Canning Plants in the Pacific 

Northwest, Developed by a Co-operative Marketing Association to Care for Its 

Surplus Fruit and Produce 

Incorporated in 1902 with a capital stock of $2,000, it has accumulated a net surplus of 
$100,000., its total assets exceed $340,000., and its business in 1914 was in excess of $1,300,000.: 
its success is due to most efficient management, and the extent of the business. It has developed 
an ideal combination, in that fresh products are marketed, and surpluses taken care of in the 
canning plants. 

The basic principle of all marketing associations and surplus-utilization-plants (co-operative 
or otherwise) is a profit to the producing farmer. Provide that profit permanently and his 
support and co-operation always follows. 





D. of D. 

CPP 9A 1Q17 



CONTENTS 

What one Florida Warehouse accomplifhod in nine months . 

What the Jacksonville Warehouse and Manufacturing I'lai\t will accomplish 2 

Introduction 3 

The Sweet Potato as a mom y-crop 3 

Improper handling causes great loss 4 

Loss amounts to over $10,000,000. annually 4 

Must be properly cured and stored in warehouses > 4 

Table of production and loss by decay in \')\4 in 8 Southern Coastal States 5 

Construction of warehouses for curing and storing sweet potatoes 5 

Sweet potato warehouses a practical business proposition 6 

Hy-products of the sweet potato crop 7 

Canned sweet potatoes 7 

Dried sweet |>otatoes 7 

.Sweet potato flour and dessicated sweet potatoes 8 

Denatured alcohol 9 

Starch 9 

{ "ommcrcial stock feed 10 

The sugars II 

Yields per acre 1 ) 

The Sweet potato industry is confined to limited areas 11 

Warehouses for curing and storing come first — then increased production 13 

Central warehouse and sales system the only solution 13 

The Farmers' difficulties 15 

The Farmer must be educated, to handle properly 16 

Total proiluction tributary to Jacksonville 17 

Distribution of the Crop 17 

.Available market supply in Jacksonville territory 18 

Markets 18 

Northwestern markets 18 

Northern markets 18 

The moist sweet potato bug-a-boo 19 

New York Hotel Chefs prefer the Southern Yam 20 

New York Prodiice Men nnalilc to obtain Southern \';\m 20 

Sales Methods 21 

A peculiar situation 21 

Tlie "milk in the cocoanut" 21 

Dumping vs. Selling 22 

The advantage of the large warehouse over the small oi* 22 

I'lilfiirin heal anil ventilalloii wUh less kiss '^-j 

I/oaiis 111! HHii-liouse rweliMM 22 

Cliv tin- pri.iwtlori 23 

Tlu'fi friini small lofal warehouses 2.1 

Overlieail expenses li-ss In large warehouse 23 

Creater net lin-oine in larije warehou-ses 23 

l»wer losses In large warehouses 8.1 

Kales (lepartincnl eonnecteil with large warehouse 83 

(iraiUng and parking In large warehouse 24 

Ciiniblned selling will slalillizo prlres 24 

.Sctilenu'iit of claims by warehouse company 24 

riiltzalinn of culls liy manufacturing department of warehou.se company 24 

SeiMl sweet imlaloes and plant.s 24 

Field Department 24 

Oilier lieneflls of large warehouse rompany 24 

The agricultural situation in Duval County 25 

Carload production the foiuidation of successful agriculture here 27 

The time is opportune for establishing a sweet iKitato industry in Duval County of large 

proportions 28 

ir.MSTKAlIONS 

A successful western w archouse and utilization plant 

A sweet potato field in Duval County 11 

Loading Irish potatoes into freight cars at Hastings, .'\pril 26, 1917 26 

-Steamships from Jacksonville to Creat Northern markets at low rates cover 

The waterfront of Jacksonville — low freight rates long distances inlau'I. cover 



What one Florida Warehouse Accomplished in 

Nine Months 

Handled nearly a Inindred thousand dollars worth of 
business. 

Graded Florida corn and made it equal to ^the best 
Western, acceptable on any grain exchange or at any port. 

Brought Florida black-eye peas up to the California .stand- 
ard and made a grocery market for them. 

Put Florida peanuts on the market in carlots. 

Established grades in Florida hay. 

Made general crops as staple as cotton in the cash market 
and enabled the growers to grow something for .sale every 
month in the year. 

Made it possible for consumers to get Florida products in 
standard form guaranteed, at reasonable prices, and demon 
strated that they were often better than imported products of 
the same kind. 

Gave farmers a place to store their produce and borrow 
cash on it when they wished to hold for higher prices. 

Introduced two valuable Southern concentrates for feeding 
live stock — peanut meed and velvet bean meal, .sewing the 
money formerly spent for Western bran. 

Used the Federal Reserve Bank to give Fcwmers six per 
cent, interest for the first time in the history of Florida. 

Started true productive agriculture in a county that was 
living on disappearing industries such as turpentine, lumber 
and phosphate. 

Won the commendation of the Federal Reserve at Atlanta 
and set a market example for the whole State and the South. 

The above is from an excellent article by James H. Collins in the Country 
Gentleman. May 12. 1017 It is niell worth reading. 

What the Jacksonville Warehouse and Manufac- 
turing Plant will Accomplish 

It will make the Southern grown sweet potato as staple as 
the Irish potato of the North, by curing it properly and stand- 
ardizing for produce trade channels. 

It will make .Jacksonville known throughout the U. S. as 
the greatest sweet potato market. 

Confining its business to the vegetable food products, 
it will not only accomplish the things mentioned above by Mr. 
Collins, but unit manufacture the culls and surplus of sweet 
potatoes and other crops into various by-products, including 
canning and drying. 

It will put a vcdue on every Duval County farm, based on 
its net cmnual income. 

Note: — Mr. Collins has examined the greater part of the folloiving data, and 
thinks so well of it that he tcill have an article on the subject in the 
Country Gentleman during the month of .June. 



I'liii Curing and Warehoisinh; of 

THE SOUTHERN SWEET POTATO AND YAM 

AM) llli: M AMIACTUkli OF T 1 1 K C ILLS AM) SlKI'LIS 

Into Bv-Prodicts 

INTRODUCTION 

With an admitted necessity for a cash crop in Duval County, an 
investigation was made as to the best food-crop for that purpose. In 
investigating the ix)ssibihties of curing and warehousing the sweet 
lX)tato and manufacturing the culls and surplus into one or more of 
the seven by-products of the sweet potato, this committee became 
thoroughly impressed with the wonderful results which will coiue from 
the establishment of this new industry in Jacksonville, not only as 
regards the sweet potato, but also as to other vegetables. This com- 
mittee considered it a duty, which it owed not only to the city and 
county, but because of unusual conditions, to our country, to publish 
the results of its investigations. 

We trust the bulletin will receive your careful consideration. 

C. Lv.MAN Spencer. 
P. J. D. Lar-moveix. 

H. H. Sl.M.MONS, 

Sfyecial Committee of the 
Jacksonville Real Estate Board. 

The Sweet Potato as a Money Crop 

The sweet potato was selected as the most suitable staple money 
crop for the following reasons: 
1 Ever^■ native of Florida, be he white or black, knows how to grow 

it. 

2. It is unusually free from insect enemies and plant diseases. 

3. Its production per acre is enormous. 

4. It can be raised with comparatively little hand labor. 

5. It has a greater food value than the Irish potato. 

6. "As a food for the great mass of the people living in the warmer 

portions of our country, the use of this croj) is exceeded only by 
hominv and rice." — it is the staple food of the p(X)r and rich alike. 

U. S. Bulletin .720. page 5. 

7. Its value is increasing rapidly ; the increase in acreage for the past 
ten years being 25 per cent., while the increase in value was 7S.3 
per cent, and "with better methods of storing and marketing their 
value could be doubled without increasing the acreage or produc- 
tion."— 

U. 8. Bulletin 5Jf8, page J. 

8. Even now "The sweet potato is the second most important truck 

in the L'. S., being exceeded only bv the Irish notnt'\" 

(J. R. AgririiUural Department. 

3 



Improper Handling Causes Great Annual Loss 

Investigation showed, however, that the sweet potato is now 
handled just as it has been handled for more than three centuries, in 
the Azores, the West Indies and the South — A large crop is annually 
produced, 75 per cent, of it is placed in make-shift, out-door earth- 
banks, and more than one-half of the amount so stored* is lost by 
decay — an estimated annual loss of 37}^ per cent of the total Southern 
crop. 

"Very few of the sweet potatoes stored in pits or banks ever reach 
the market, for from 25 to 50 per cent, spoil, and those that remain 
are not of good quality. Out door pits and banks cannot be depended 
on. Some years a very small number of the potatoes spoil in banks, 
while in other years practically the whole crop is lost." 

U. S. Bulletin 54S. page :i. 



Loss Amounts to Over -1>10,000,000 Annually 

The eight Southern States, south of Virginia, on the coasts of 
Atlantic or Gulf, produce four-fifths of all the sweet potatoes and 
yams raised in the U. S. The annual loss by decay in those States 
from improper outdoor storage methods amounts to over $10,000,000 
a year. 

U. S. Agr. Dept. Press Bull.. May 9, 1917. 

In Florida alone, it is estimated that over 800,000 bushels are per- 
mitted to decay, in this way, each year ; and in that part of Georgia 
and Florida within a reasonable shipping distance of Jacksonville, 
more than 300.000 bushels rot in out-door earth-banks annually. 



Must Be Properly Cured and Stored in Warehouses 

Specially constructed warehouses for curing and storing the 
Southern sweet potato and yam practically eliminates that loss. This 
is not a theory, but an accomplished fact. Such warehouses have been 
in use for years in various parts of the country. They have not only 
been a success financially, but the U. S. Agricultural Department states 
that it has a record of 230,000 bushels thus stored for a period of 124 
days with a loss of only 2.45 per cent, and that refers to a collection 
of widely scattered storage houses operated by different men under 
varying conditions. A properly managed warehouse of large capacity 
should have a loss of less than 1 per cent. 

The dry sweet potato raised in the North Atlantic Coast trucking 
regions from Virginia to New Jersey — a potato which the South does 
not like — is sold right in Jacksonville from September until May, every 
year at from 25 cents to 50 cents more a bushel than the farmer is 
asking for his product — those imported sweet iX)tatoes are properly 
cured, ship long distances and keep well. 



SWEET POTATOES AND YAMS GROWN IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC 
COAST AND GULF STATES FOE THE YEAR 1914 

Also showing loss by decay for want of proper warehousing, etc. 

•12 3 4 S 6 7 

Estimated 

Total Farm Kstimatcd Bushels Lost Kstimated 

Total Yield Value Bushels By Decay Value of Loss 

State Acres in of Crop Stored in For Want of by Decay for 

Planted Bushels Harvested Outdoor Proper Want of 

Karth-banks Warehouses Proper 

37 '/i '/< Warehouses 

Florida 19,000 2.280,000 $1,824,000 1.710.000 .S.vS.OOO $ 684,000 

Georgia 79.000 6,715,000 4.633.000 5.034,000 2,.S 17,000 1.737.000 

S. C. 28,000 4,0S0,O0O J..S56,000 .t.(K,().0(IO 1.530.000 1,071.000 

N. C. 76,000 6,840.000 4,446,000 5,130.000 2,565.000 1.667,000 

Alabama 63.000 5.859.000 3,808.000 4,3V2.000 2.196,000 1,428.000 

Miss. 50,000 4,500.000 2,835.000 3,375.000 1,687,000 1.063.000 

La. 59,000 5.133,000 3,283,000 3,852,000 1,926.000 1,231,000 

Texas 52.000 5,252.000 4,569.000 3.939,000 1.969,000 1,713,000 

Total 426.000 acres 

Total yield 40,659.000 bushels 

Total farm value of crop r. $28,256,000 

Total estimated bushels stored in out-door earlh-bauks 30,492,000 
Total estimated bushels lost by decay for want of proper warehouses 

in which to cure and store the crop 15,245.000 
Total estimated loss in dollars, for want of proper warehouses $10,594,000 

Total production for U. S. in 1914 56,000.000 bushels 

Total production for U. S. in 1<>15 74,000,000 bushels 

Total production for U. S. in 1916 67,000,000 bushels 

The eight States named produced four-fifths of the entire crop. 

Estimated percentage of loss by decay in eight States named is 37 J/j '"'''■■ 
Columns 1 to 4 taken from U. S. Year Book, 1914, page 565. 
Columns 5 to 7, Estimated by C. Lyman Spencer. April 1. 1917. 
On May 9, 1917. the U. S. Department of Agriculture estimated the loss in column 6 at"over 30%'* 



Warehouses for (hiring and Storiiuj 

The warehouse may be of frame construction, sheathed on tlie 
inside with building paper and board ceiling, nailed to the studs. A 
temperature from 80° to 85° is maintained for ten days to two weeks, 
for the purpose of curing the sweet potatoes and yams. After curing, an 
average temperature of 55° should be maintained ; it should not rise 
above 60° nor go below 45°. X'^entilators are provided in the roof. 
thn)ugh which the moisture is carried off, antl through which the 
temperature is kept at .^5° after the curing period lias passed. 

That is a type of building which should be built on every farm, 
for the puri)ose of storing the sweet ix)tatoes needed by the farmer 
for food and stock feed. Properly handled such a warehouse can 
store sweet potatoes with a loss of less than 3%, and their construction 
is described fully in Farmers Bulletins No. 520 and 548. 

A large central warehouse located at Jacksonville is the onlv 
])ractical solution for curing, warehousing, grading and selling the 
surplus sweet potatoes and yams. See page 13 of this bulletin. 



Sweet Potato Warehouses a Practical Business Proposition 

Prof. P. H. Rolfs, Director of the Florida Experiment Station, 
says: — "A sweet potato storage warehouse such as you suggest is an 
entirely practical proposition. It is merely an enlarged form of what 
has already been established in scores of places. Jacksonville really 
ought to have had such a warehouse, for sweet potatoes long ago. The 
annual loss from sweet potatoes, stored under such conditions, will be 
largely eliminated." (April 27, 1917.) 

The U. S. Department of Agriculture referring to reports on a 
number of small warehouses, shows that a total of 230,000 bushels 
stored in those warehouses for a period of 124 days, there was a loss 
of but 2.45%. Those small warehouses were scattered at different 
stations, in several states, each managed by a different man, making 
it impossible to have uniform conditions. It should be clear that in a 
large, properly constructed warehouse, the temperature and ventilation 
would be more uniform, and a competent force being in attendance at 
all times, the loss would be much less than the 2.45% mentioned by the 
U. S. Department of Agriculture, and in fact, as Prof. Rolfs says, 
will be "largely eliminated." 

The U. S. Department of Agriculture, in co-operation with the 
Experiment Stations of Alabama and Mississippi, operated warehouses 
for the curing and storing of sweet potatoes for several years in those 
two States and wonderful results were obtained. 

Warehouses of as much as 60,000 bushels capacity have been con- 
structed for curing sweet potatoes and yams, and have been operated 
with financial success, by local companies or merchants. 

Sweet potato warehouses for curing and storing have been success- 
fully used for years in New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and throughout the Texas sweet 
potato region. 

Mr. C. B. McRae, of Baldwin, Florida, has tried this method out 
in a small way, and found he could keep sweet potatoes raised in that 
section until the following May. 

Mr. Julius F. Zetzsche, of Jacksonville, who is familiar with the 
sweet potato section of Southern Illinois, says that when he was living 
in that section, the farmers successfully kept their sweet potatoes for 
months by methods similar to those now approved by the U. S. Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 

In many parts of the country cured sweet potatoes are known to 
the Trade as "kiln-dried" sweet potatoes. 

A produce man in the great anthracite coal region of Scranton, 
Wilkesbarre, etc., Pennsylvania — a territory containing a population 
of about 1,500,000 who has been in business there for twenty years, 
says : That in the early days, he had as much as 30 cars of sweet pota- 
toes from Southern New Jersey decay on the side-track before they 
could be dis]X)sed of and unloaded, but that since that time, when the 
producers of New Jersey and Northern Virginia sold what is known 
to that trade as the "kiln-dried sweets," they handled them as late as 
May, without material loss. 

"The only safe and practical method of storing sweet potatoes is 
in a storage house." 

U. 8. Bulletin 5J,S, page S. 



BY-PRODUCTS 

"Under the very best cultural methods, there is always a percentage 

of the crop that will not grade sufficiently high to justify shipment. 

The preservation of dropped and cull fruits has got to be an industry 

within itself." 

U. S. Year Book, I'JIJ,, page 108. 

Sweet potatoes shipped to Jacksonville in field boxes, hampers or 
in bulk, to be cured and then stored in warehouses of sufficient capacity 
to meet the requirements of the producing territory within a reason- 
able shipiiing distance of Jacksonville, would result in the accumulation 
of a large quantity of culls. 

These culls can now be profitably manufactured into seven 
different by-products. They may be canned or dried, like dried apples ; 
they may lie ground into flour, or dessicated, or they may be converted 
into denatured alcohol, starch or commercial stock feed, and a large 
amount of sugars is also available. 

When the crop is first dug, large quantities are rushed to markets 
by the farmers, resulting in a depression of prices, and at such times 
the supply needed for manufacturing can be augmented by purchase 
in the open market. 

The surplus of other Florida crops can be shipped to Jacksonville 
in bulk or in field crates after the profitable shipping season is passed, 
and thus the manufacturing plant kept busy the greater part of the 
year, and the farmer will receive some income for vegetables that 
now rot in the fields. 

Canned Sweet Potatoes 

In 1914, there were marketed 369,000 cases or about 9,000,000 
No. 3 cans of canned sweet potatoes. One bushel of sweet potatoes 
is sufficient for 15 No.. 3 cans. 

Last vear at Cheraw, S. C, a canning factory was established for 
the purpose of canning sweet potatoes and yams ; it has a capacity of 
400 cases, or 9.600 No. 3 cans per day ; its profits were such that it 
expects to double its capacity this year. 

Sweet potatoes being canned after most of the fruits and vegetables 
have passed out of season, and the canning season thus lengthened. 

Contracts can now be made with large dealers, at remunerative 
prices for every can which can be produced this year. 

Dried Sweet Potatoes 

"Uncooked sweet potatoes may be sliced, and then dried, either 
in the sun, or in evaporators. Their preparation is described as 
follows:" 

"Cleanly washed potatoes are placed in a suitable basket and im- 
mersed in boiling water for a short time; when taken out of the 
ba.sket, they are cut into thin slices and spread over mats and exposed 
to the sun for two or three days. In order to make a superior quality, 
the skin of the potato is peeled ofT before slicing." "They arc j)repared 
for the table by soaking and baking. Dried sweet potatoes were ex- 
hibited among the products of Japan at the Columbian Exposition." 

U. S. Bulletin 26, page 2.T. 



Dried sweet potatoes thus prepared are one of the commercial 
food products of Japan. Sweet potatoes and yams, prepared in this 
way should he as common as dried apples in our markets. 

Recently the methods of drying, or "dehydrating" has heen per- 
fected, so that the cell structure is retained, together with the full 
garden flavor of the fresh vegetable. Sweet potatoes prepared in thisi 
way contain less than 10% of moisture — less than one-seventh of their 
original weight. Drying establishments of this kind are now in opera- 
tion in Middle River, California; Webster, New York, and Bound 

Brook, New Jersey. 

Popular Science Monthly, pages H98-101. 

In recent lectures, Dr. Lund, an expert from the U. S. Department 
of Agriculture, demonstrated the process of drying in Jacksonville and 
other points. He stated that the dried product could be pressed into 
loaves and wrapped in waxed paper, with an outer layer of tinfoil as 
a protection against the atmosphere. Sweet potatoes prepared in this 
way should find a ready market in all parts of the country as pie- 
*fillers, and for sweet potato pies. 

By the new method, less heat is used than in the old method of 
evaporation, and there is a greater circulation of air. The Board of 
Trade, at Ogden, Utah, secured the location of a large drying establish- 
ment at that point, which has successfully dried potatoes and vegetables 
for shipment to the Northwest, and has made good money. 

Mr. Gore, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, has completed 
successful experiments in drying potatoes, and his report should be 
published soon. 

The Department has conducted a successful drying plant at 
Arlington Farms, which we hope to know about soon. The plant 
was used for drying Irish potatoes, but it should have an important 
bearing on sweet potatoes as well. 

Dried sweet potatoes would make excellent ship supplies. 

Sweet Potato Flour and Dessicated Sweet Potatoes 

"There is doubtless a great field * * * for the production and sale 
of dessicated sweet potatoes and sweet potato flour * * * especially 
for ship supplies." 

U. S. Bulletin 32^, page 38, 

Sweet ix)tato flour mixed with wheat flours produces exceptionally 
fine pastries and cakes. A flour made from the Irish potato, mixed 
with wheat flour is used in making the German "war-bread," but it 
has less nutriment, less sugar, and the taste does not compare with 
the flour from the sweet potato, which is attractive. 

A factory at Miami has sold its entire output for a year to one 
concern. They make the flour from arrow-root, which grows wild 
there. Sweet potato flour is more salable. 

Denatured Alcohol 

"It is possible that the sweet potato will become one of the chief 
sources of alcohol in the United States." 

U. 8. Bnlletin 32',. page 3<L 



Ur. II. W. Wiley says: "The sweet potato has not been used in 
the United States for making of alcohol. In the Azores, great quanti- 
ties of sweet potatos are grown for this purpose, and make an alcohol 
of fine quality. There are large areas in the United States, especially 
in the Southern States, where the sweet i>otato can be grown in great 
abundance. The cx])erinients at the South Carolina Station show that 
as high as 11,000 pounds of sweet potatoes can be grown per acre. 
In addition to starch, the sweet potato contains notable quantities of 
sugar, sometimes as high as six per cent, being present, so that the 
total fermentable matter in the sweet potato may be reckoned at the 
minimum of 2}^ per cent. A bushel of sweet potatoes weight 55 
pounds, and one-quarter of this is fermentable matter, or nearly 14 
pounds. This would yield, approximately 7 pounds, or a little over 1 
gallon of 9S% alcohol. It may be fairly stated, therefore, in a general 
way, that, a bushel of sweet potatoes will yield one gallon of industrial 
alcohol." 

U. 8. Bulletin 268, pages 30 and 31. 

In most of the eight Southern States referred to herein, the 
manufacture and sale of alcoholic liquors has been prohibited by law, 
and large numbers of distilleries and brewers are idle. Such plants 
could be utilized for the manufacture of denatured alcohol and other 
by-products of the sweet potato. 

The cereals from which alcohol is now produced being high in 
price and for the next few years, at least, being needed for food con- 
sumption, it is probable that their use for distillation will be prohibited 
by law. Under these circumstances the sweet potato would become a 
main source of supply, and it might me found that the cost of pro- 
duction was sufficiently low to permit its use in internal combustion 
engines in automobiles, trucks, motor boats, aeroplanes, etc. 

Starch 

In Maine, especially throughout the Aroostook potato regions, the 
cull, damaged and lower grades of Irish potatoes are converted into 
starch in local starch factories. The average starch-content of the 
Maine Irish potato is 18.29 per cent. 

Maine Agr. Expt. Sta. Bulletin 51, page /-'/7. 

Dr. H. W. Wiley says, of the sweet potato: "The percentage of 
starch is markedly greater than in the white or Irish potato. In all 
cases over 20 per cent, of starch was obtained in the South Carolina 
sweet potatoes, and in one instance over 24 per cent. As high as 
2,600 pounds of starch were produced per acre." 

The yield of 2,600 pounds of starch per acre, referred to by Dr. 
Wiley was based on a yield of 11,000 pounds per acre, but under 
proper methods of cultivation, it is ix)ssible to produce in Florida 
yields as high as 25,000 pounds of sweet potatoes per acre. 

The apparatus for the manufacture of starch could also be used 
in obtaining starch from cull Irish potatoes, from the cassava root, and 
from the dasheen or taro. 

A starch factory was established at DcLand, Fla.. .some years ago, 
but was discontinued for the reason that it relied entirely upon the 

9 



cassava root, which was produced in insufficient quantities. It manu- 
factured a high grade of starch, tapioca, etc., which sold readily. It 
could not supply the local demand. 

Commercial Stock Feed 

The U. S. Secretary of Agriculture says : "The value of sweet 
potatoes as feed for live stock is not yet generally understood. Three 
to four bushels are the equivalent of a bushel of corn for hogs, and in 
connection with rich concentrates, the potatoes are a good feed for 
cattle. It is not unlikely that by artificial drying a product may be ob- 
tained which will keep as long as is desired, and because of its re- 
duced bulk may be shipped long distances at a comparatively low cost." 

U. 8. Dept. Ag. Press Bulletin, May 9, 1911. 
"Three bushels of sweet potatoes are nearly equal to one bushel 
of corn in feed value ;" the former contains 4.5 pounds of protein, 
while the latter contains 10.5 pounds. One-half pound of cotton-seed 
meal, or one pound of soy peas for each ten pounds of sweet potatoes, 
supplies the deficiency in protein. 

Cotton-seed meal is produced in Jacksonville, and ground velvet 
beans and cow-peas are manufactured at Gainesville. Fla., and other 
nearby points. Ground soy beans are also valuable. 

For manufacture into commercial feed the sweet potato would be 
thoroughly dried, ground and mixed with the other ground feeds men- 
tioned. 

It should be remembered that the air-dry sweet potato contains 
32.74 per cent, of sugar, and the undried sweet potato after 40 days 
storage contains 11.07 per cent, of sugar, practically the same amount 
of sugar as the sugar beet, before extracting the sugar. 

While no experiments have been conducted along this line, yet 
it has been found that sweet potato flour keeps well, and there is no 
reason why the dried ground product should not keep as well mixed 
with other feed stuffs as beet pulp and other sweet feeds. 

Florida annually imports large quantities of sugar-beet pulp and 
sweet feeds, and because of the high cost of same, milk sells in Jack- 
sonville as high as 18 cents per quart. A commercial stock feed of 
this kind should find a ready sale right in Jacksonville and nearby 
points. 

Every dollar's worth of sweet potato stock feed, properly prepared 
that could be produced the first two years can be sold direct to locaj 
minimunr of 25 per cent. A bushel of sweet potatoes weighs 55 
that could be produced the first two years can be sold to local dairymen 
and other large consumers through the usual trade channels. 

The Sugars 

The North Carolina Experiment Station, reports the percentage of 
sugars in six varieties of Southern sweet potatoes and yams, as follows : 

New sweet potatoes and yams 5.79 per cent. 

Stored sweet potatoes and yams 11.07 per cent. 

Air-dried sweet potatoes and yams 32.74 per cent. 

The above is quoted with approval, by Dr. H. W. Wiley, in 
Bulletin 268, page 31, and as a basis of comparison, he says that sugar 

10 



beets in France contain 11.33 per cent, of sujjar. as compared with 
11.07 per cent, in the stored sweet potato and yam. In our W^estern 
States, however, the average sugar content of the sugar beet is about 
14 per cent., with percentages less than 12 per cent and as higli in 
rare cases as 24 per cent. 

There seems to have been little investigation into the utilization 
of the sugars contained in the sweet potato, but if it should be ascer- 
tained, that these sugars, (possibly in the form of glucose, to be used 
with our cane syrups in the manufacture of table syrup, or in some 
other form) could be prolitably rec^)vere(l. it should mean much to 
the South, ami might give us some of the agricultural wealth which has 
accrued to the agriculturist in the sugar-beet territory of the West, 
and possibly more so, for the sweet potato can be produced with much 
less labor than the sugar beet. And many an acre of Southern land 
not suitable for sugar cane will grow a good cro]) of sweet }x>tatoes. 

YIELD PER ACRE 

The U. S. Agricultural Year Book, for 1914. shows that the eight 
Southern Coastal States herein named produced on an average 91.12 
bushels of sweet potatoes and yams per acre ; while Morida jjroduced 
120 bushels per acre. 

On good Florida lands, with average methods, 11,000 pounds of 
sweet ix)tatoes are produced per acre ; and yields of 25,000 pounds 
per acre have been produced, at a production cost of $2. per thousand 
pounds. 

As an instance of high yields, the Baton Rouge, La. Experiment 
Station, in 1893, reported yields of 13 varieties of sweet potatoes and 
yams, ranging from 28.600 pounds to 58,600 pounds per acre. 




Field of Sweet Potatoes at Duval County Stocka<le Farm — First Crop Planted 

nn this Land. Yield Estimated at S')0 to '/OO Bushels to Acre. 

■'lO per cent, decayed in titortifje. (or Lack of Warehouses. 

11 



THE SWEET POTATO INDUSTRY IS CON- 
FINED TO LIMITED AREAS 

We have seen published statements in the newspapers to the 
effect that sweet potatoes can be grown in every State in the Union. 
That statement would be equally true of apples ; but no one should go 
so far as to say that either apples or sweet potatoes can bo profitably 
raised in all those States. 

In comparing the sweet potato with the apple croj) we find a 
peculiar situation. In years of large yield of apples, we also have a 
large yield of sweet potatoes, and the total production of sweet potatoes 
in bushels is each year almost identical with the total production of 
apples in barrels. Or to state it differently, find the total number of 
barrels of apples produced in the United States for any year and you 
will have the number of bushels of sweet potatoes produced. As a 
barrel of apples contains about three bushels, the sweet potato crop 
may be said to be one-third of the apple crop. 

Four-fifths of the entire sweet potato crop of the Nation is raised 
in the eight Southern States herein named ; and there are many reasons 
why this will continue to be true. 

In the North the sweet potato is distinctly a market garden, or 
truck crop, requiring special knowledge and is more costly to plant 
and produce ; it must be stored in more costly storage warehouses, 
which must be continuously heated. If taken out of the warehouses 
in very cold weather, and the potatoes become chilled in loading in 
cars, they will not ship long distances without decay. They are more 
subject to disease both in the field and on storage than the Southern 
potatoes; the loss from that source being estimated by the U. S. 
Agricultural Department to be as high as 40 per cent, in Northern 
points. 

The Northern crop is grown exclusively by one method ; they 
prepare a sweet potato seed bed in what is known as a hot-bed, heated 
by decaying stable manure, hot air, or steam, and from this seed, plants 
are grown and set out in the field. The varieties which they can plant 
are limited, they are of the dry-flesh type, more woody and not as 
nutritious as the Southern product. The rich, nutritious and sweet 
varieties which the South can produce as a field crop cannot be grown 
at all in the North. 

Sweet potatoes in the eight States named are grown as a field 
crop by inexpensive methods. In Florida we can produce a sweet 
potato crop in three ways : 

1. We can leave some sweet potatoes in the ground through the 
winter and secure vines for planting from that source in the Spring. 

2. We can make a bed of selected sweet potatoes or yams from 
which to grow plants, and it does not require artificial heat or the 
large quantities of stable manure required in the North. We can set 
out those plants in March and secure a very early crop which we call 
our Spring crop. 

3. From the vines of the Spring crop cut into small sections, we 
produce our main crop, which we harvest in the Fall. 

In Florida it is not necessary to heat our sweet potato storage 
houses except for the first ten days to two weeks ; and we can load 

12 



f 



cars all winter long without chilling the potatcjcs ; being thus loaded 
in refrigerator cars, uniced, we can send them to any part of the 
United States at any time during the winter, and they will arrive 
sound and in good condition. Ueing shi[)ped only as the market de- 
mands them, they are consumed before deteriorating. That is the 
condition which exists at Jacksonville, and the parts of the United 
States in which sweet potatoes can be handled in that way are not 
many in number or of very large area. 

The eight States named, being seaport States have low rates inland 
for long distances; and movement of their product Ut the great 
Northern markets will not be interfered with by the necessary constantly 
increasing freight rates, nor will the movement be interfered with by 
car shortage to those markets, for they can alwa}s ship by water at 
low rates. 

So it cannot be denied that the eight States named will continue 
to produce at least four-fifths of the sweet-potatoes and yams, and 
Florida will contituie to be the State among those eight in which they 
can be most chea])ly and profitably produced, if the necessary storage 
and curing warehouses are provided, and marketing facilities furnished 
in connection therewith. 

"A quantity sufficient for home use can be grown under a wifle 
range of condition, while production on a commercial scale is some- 
what restricted by climate and soil, and also by market and transpor- 
tation facilities." 

U. S. Bulletin 42-i. page S. 

WAREHOUSES FOR CURING AND STORING GOME 
FIRST, THEN INCREASED PRODUCTION 

We see nuich in the newspa[)ers about increased production of 
sweet potatoes ; but we hear nothing at all about curing them .so they 
will keep, or methods of inarketing— and they can't be marketed un- 
less they are cured, and graded. 

"Again and again the South has demonstrated that production 

first is a mistake, for the farmers throughout the Southeastern States 

have gone in for diversification, and actually have produced the stuff. 

only to run up against this discouraging blank wall of 'No Market.'" 

James H. Collins in "Country Gentleman," Mai) 12, 1917. 

Also U. »*?. Department of Acirirultiirc. jHiije 1 ) of this bulletin. 

CENTRAL WAREHOUSE AND SALES SYSTEM THE 
ONLY SOLUTION 

The curing and storing of products like the sweet potato at dis- 
tributing centers like Jacksonville, and the sale of same through a 
comjietent Sales Manager connected with such an institution, enables 
such a concern to distribute the farmers' product "throughout the con- 
suming period, in such a way as to meet the rec|uirements of the market 
without overloading, and depressing prices. With vegetable products, 
such as Irish potatoes, sweet potatoes and s(|uashes, this is a very im- 
portant consideration ; the trade (|uickly determines the center of 
supply, and as soon as the markets create a demand the supply can 
be forthcoming in a regular systematic manner, so as to cause the least 

13 



loss to the producer, handler and consumer. Under this system, 
storage products should never be compelled to beg a market; the de- 
mand will always find the supply." 

U. S. Year Book, 1912, pages 98-99. 

A study of the articles of incorporation of the various so-called 
marketing and co-operative associations will disclose the fact that the 
most successful are handled along the lines of the proposed Florida 
Sweet Potato Products Company. The U. S. Year Book for 1914, on 
page 26 shows over 14,700 of such organizations were then in existence, 
and that they handled over one billion dollars worth of agricultural 
products per annum. 

"This country has innumerable examples of success in manufac- 
turing, but where can be found one in which all the thought is given 
to production, and no attention is given to the distribution and selling 
of the products?" 

"The farmer is himself a manufacturer, but when the manner of 

selling his products is observed, the conclusion is formed that his 

marketing niethods are not worthy of the name, as they consist chiefly 

in dumping, rather than of marketing." 

U. S. Year Book, 19U, page 186. 

"Under the system of independent action, producers are creatures 
of circumstance, over which they have no control. At harvest time, 
they have little conception of the competition they will have to meet 
in the market, unless the crop is so short that it has become a matter 
of comment." 

U. 8. Year Book, 1912, page 357. 

"It is a matter of record that the largest apple crops in the history 
of the Nation yielded the producers of these crops a less amount of 
profit than has been obtained in certain years of less production; and 
it is also known that in these years of enormous crops, the prices 
paid by the consumers in most sections have not reflected in a proper 
degree, the low price paid to the farmers. With this knowledge of the 
facts, what farmer will be encouraged to grow 'two blades of grass,' 
when he fails to realize a fair return for the 'one blade,' which he now 
grows? It cannot be made clear to him that better returns await an 
increased production until he feels that present production is fairly 
remunerative." 

V. 8. Year Book, 19U, page 186. 

"It has been stated that farmers as a class are not competent to 
pack their own products. It is human nature that a man have great 
pride in that which he produces. He is blind to defects in his own that 
he may condemn in the product of his neighbor. As a rule farmers 
have neither the facilities, nor the time to prepare their products for 
market." 

U. 8. Year Book, Wl-i, page 195. 

"The problem of economic and efficient marketing * * * is largely 
a problem of selling by grade rather than by inspection. It is physically 
impossible to handle goods on so large a scale where they are sold on 
inspection as where they are sold on grade." 

"Wherever there is a highly efficient system of selling anything, 

14 



it will be fouiui that there has been developed a system of grading and 
standardization ; that is, the goods are inspected only once and are 
graded. Thereafter they arc bought and sold by grade with no 
further inspection." 

"The farmers are under the same inexorable economic laws as 
other people, and they will never be able to market their products with 
the maximum economy until they grade and standardize their own 
products, so that they can move through the channels of trade toward 
the consumers without repeated inspections. But this cannot be done 
without organization." 

"The products of a multitude of small farmers can be made uni- 
form as to grading and packing by an organization, and by no other 
means whatsoever. It is a waste of time and breath even to talk 
about it on any other basis." 

U. S. Year Book, 191J,, pages 98 and 99. 

We suggest that the warehouse, utilization plant, etc., be operated 
under the name of the Florida Sweet Potato Products Co., and we will 
hereinafter refer to it by that name. 

The sweet potatoes handled by the Florida Sweet Potato Products 
Co., will be mature, clean, carefully graded, properly packed and 
labelled ; a good keeping good-shipping attractive commodity. They 
can be sold in just the grades and quantities best suited to the dealer's 
trade, and handled with a minimum of loss. They can be shipped re- 
gardless of weather conditions in any quantity. In car lots they can be 
diverted from point to point, like any staple product, to take advantage 
of market conditions. They will be sold according to grade, and not 
by inspection. The grade, together with the name of the Products Co. 
will be stamped on each package ; that stamp will serve the same 
purpose in the produce trade as the stamp on a coin to the world at 
large ; both stamps indicate a standard, they serve no other purpose ; 
in the one case that standard is backed by an established government, 
and in the other by a company with a strong commercial rating. 

The sweet potatoes handled by the Florida Sweet Potato Products 
Company will be properly prepared for the channels of trade. They 
will be graded to satisfy the varying tastes and needs of the rich and 
poor alike ; to meet the requirements of the hotels from the finest in 
the land to the cheapest boarding house; the manufacturer of pies and 
pastries will not be disappointed, and the manufacturer of pie-fillers 
will be pleased. They will all be sound sweet potatoes and yams, not 
varying materially when it comes to real food value, but there will be 
a considerable difference in the price of the different grades. See pages 
IS and 14 of this bulletin as to sales methods. 

THE FARMERS' DIFFICULTIES 

Sweet potatoes offered to the trade by the farmer are a perishable 
product, of all sizes, varieties, grades, and a varying degree of maturity 
and cleanliness, which must be quickly sold. They must be inspected 
and rehandled each time they are sold in trade channels. Their move- 
ment from one point to another is very limited, as to time and distance. 
They cannot be called out from the farmers' storehouse — the outdoor 

15 



banks — to meet a bare market and high prices, exceiJt under favorable 
weather conditions, for the reason that the farmer cannot open his 
outdoor banks during cold weather, or rainy and wet seasons, which 
prevail from time to time during the winter months. 

"Growers who do not have suitable storage facilities are compelled 
to sell their sweet potatoes for a low price at digging time, ♦while com- 
paratively high prices prevail during the remainder of the season." 

v. S. Bulletin 520, page '>. 

Last Fall, when sweet potatoes should be plentiful in Jacksonville, 
and were being offered by the farmers to whoever would buy at 75 
cents and less per bushel for sound potatoes, the produce firm of A. F. 
Dechman & Co., of this city, being unable to obtain Southern sweet 
potatoes properly prepared for market bought from the producers in 
Eastern Virginia 1,500 bushels of "kiln dried" Big Stem Jerseys. They 
kept them thirty days, and in a market which prefers a moist sweet 
potato, this firm obtained 25 cents more a bushel from the retail dealer, 
than the farmer was asking the consumer- — the farmers' product was 
not prepared for trade channels. And that took place in what should 
be the best sweet potato producing section of the United States, where 
over 2,250,000 bushels of sweet potatoes were produced within a reason- 
able shipping distance of Jacksonville. 

Shipments to Northern, Northwestern and Western points during 
the period of intense eold, could not be made by the farmer, for he 
lacks the experience and special knowledge required. 

"Sweet potatoes, shipped during the winter must be protected from 

cold. When a sweet potato becomes chilled, its quality is impaired and 

decay sets in." 

U. 8. Bulletin .7,',8, page V,. 

They are protected from cold by lining the crates with paper, and 

shipping in uniced refrigerator cars, with just sufficient ventilation to 

prevent their heating. 

The Farmer Must Be Educated to Handle Properly 

Sweet potatoes, to keep well, should be dug with care, and care- 
fully placed in field boxes or hampers, loaded on spring wagons and 
loaded with care in cars for shipment to the warehouse. The broken 
and bruised potatoes should be sorted out in the field and either fed 
to stock, or shipped separately as culls to be manufactured into one 
of the by-products. They should not be dug in cold weather, for chilled 
potatoes do not keep well. 

Some one must educate the farmer in proper methods of handling, 
unless that work is performed by an organization of this kind, he will 
remain uneducated in an important part of the sweet potato industry. 

16 



TOTAL PRODUCTION TRIBUTARY 
TO JACKSONVILLE 

Some one said that he was afraid that the Jacksonville market 
would be flooded with sweet potatoes and the price obtained be un- 
profitable. With a plant to take care of the culls and surplus above 
market requirements, with the great markets of the Northwest and 
West unsupplied and North asking for our product a competent, ener- 
getic Sales Manager will have no difficulty in selling all that can be 
cured and standardized. 

However, to satisfy this man, some investigation and consideration 
was given to the matter. From the standpoint of production, the 
Jacksonville territory would cover the region within which sweet 
potatoes could be delivered at the warehouse of the Products Co., in 
wagons, or in carlots, for a reasonable cost of hauling or freight rates, 
and arrive at destination before beginning to decay. 

The total Florida crop is about 2,500,000 bushels, and the total 
Georgia crop is 6,715,000 bushels. On the high estimate that 40% 
of the Florida crop, and 15% of the Georgia crop is within Jacksonville 
producing territory, we have a total of 2,072,500 bushels. The question 
as to the distribution of that total is taken up under the next heading. 

Distribution of the Crop 

There is no published data on the distribution of the total estimated 
above. The various factors entering into the distribution are given 
below, and percentages are extended opjxjsite to same. It is not 
claimed that these percentages are absolutely correct, but from the best 
information we have, we believe they are not far from right. 

SPRING CROP 11% 

The Spring crop is consumed before Noveml)er 1st, on farms and 
nearby markets. 

FALL CROP— 

(a) Used on farms as food, and varieties suitable only for stock feed, 

fed to hoRs and cattle 2S% 

(b) Lost by decay in outdoor earth-banks 15% 

It is estimated that one-half ot the crop thus stored is lost by decay. 

This estimate is made on the basis that 30% of the total production 
will be stored in outdoor earth-hanks. 

(c) Sold before December 1st, by farmers in nearby towns and com- 
munities. Being uncured and perishable the product is soon consumed 15% 

(d) Sold before January 15th, by farmers in nearby towns and com- 
munities, for local consumption. These are the sound sweet potatoes 
removed from outdoor earth-banks, and separated by the farmer 
from those which have decayed 7% 

(e) Available after December 1st for marketing through Jacksonville and 
"points beyond" exclusive of amount stored or manufactured by 
Sweet Potato Products Co 9% 

(f) The Sweet Potato Products Company will have a capacity for curing, 
storing, grading, packing and properly preparing for market the first 
year, and selling same for the farmer, or manufacturing into by- 
products of 18% 

TOTAL FALL CROP 89* 

100% 
17 



Available Market Supply in Jacksonville Territory 



Items "e" and "f" above would represent the available market 
supply in Jacksonville territory, or 186,000 and 373,000 bushels re- 
spectively; a total of 559,000 bushels. 

The item "e" will be disposed of as usual through peddling, 
hucksters, small retailers and a small amount by produce men. It would 
constitute about one-third of the available supply. 

The item "f" would be handled by the Products Co., and would 
constitute about two-thirds of the available supply. A total of 373,000 
bushels of sweet potatoes, or 124,000 barrels the first year. Considering 
the local market, some Southern markets, the East Coast of Florida, 
the Northern, Northwestern and Western markets, that seems a small 
business even for the first year, and surely nothing to be frightened 
about. It is probable that a larger amount would be necessary to meet 
the requirements of the Products Co. and if so it would either call 
out stocks in the territory designated in the above table as used for 
other purposes, or go into other sections for its supply. 



1 



MARKETS 

Improvement of storage methods, with suitable varieties and ade- 
quate transportation, should put the sweet potato on as stable a basis 
as the Irish potato crop of the North." 

U. 8. Bureau of Markets, Bulletin 98, page 16^. 

The daily consumption in Jacksonville is about 450 bushels per 
day, and a considerable percentage is shipped here from Virginia and 
sold to Jacksonville consumers at from 25c to 50c more than the 
farmer asks for his potatoes; the Virginia product is properly cured, 
graded and packed, and the loss to trade is small ; those conditions are 
not true as to Southern products. 

The Southern market being well understood ; we will divide the 
other markets into two heads — ^Northern Markets and Northwestern 
Markets. 

Northwestern Markets 

We include under this head the Chicago market, and nearby States, 
and the markets of the West and Northwest. 

"A great opportunity is afforded the farmers of this region (the 
South) to develop the sweet potato industry depending upon the 
Rocky Mountains and Great Plains area for a market." 

TJ. 8. Bulletin 520, page 5. 

Mr. A. F. Dechman who has operated in the West and Northwest 
states that there is a great opportunity in that region ; that in the Fall 
he has seen sweet potatoes sell in Denver, Colorado, for ten cents a 
pound ; and that in his opinion, if a Florida crop is shipped thirty 
days ahead of the Texas crop it will sell at high prices as far west as 
Portland. Oregon. 

18 



The Chicago market was developed to a considerable extent by 
cooking demonstrations held in the large department stores of that 
city, showing the Southern methods of preparing its sweet potato. So 
successful were the methods pursued that during the years 1915 and 
1916 it was the Nancy Malls from Mississippi that brought the highest 
])rice paid for sweet potatoes sold in the Chicago market. 

Northern Markets 

It is believed that when the markets of Pennsylvania, New Y<jrk. 
and New England have learned the Southern methods of cooking and 
preparing their moist sweet potato that they will prefer it to the dr\ 
product they now obtain from New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and 
the eastern shore of X'irginia. And it is believed that even at this 
time, there w()uld be no difficulty in disposing of the entire surplus 
of our best yams and sweet potatoes produced in Jacksonville territi^ry. 
in those markets, in competition with the dry potato, if that was thought 
advisable, for, as shown by the statements under the heading the 
"Moist Sweet Potato Bug-a-Boo," there is. even at this time an un- 
supplied demand for our product. 

As to the Spring crop, which is gn^wn from plants or "draws." 
partly for the purpose of securing vines to use in planting the larger 
fall crop, when properly prepared for market the Southern sweet potato 
brings high prices in those markets now. The Agricultural Depart- 
ment states that during July, August and early September, sweet 
potatoes sell as high as $4.50 and $5. per barrel, and that in 1911 they 
sold as high as $7. a barrel. That was for properly graded stock ; the 
usual shipments of improperly prepared .Southern stocks sold very low, 
just as should be expected. 

The Moist Sweet Potato Bnq-a-Boo 

Whenever the question of selling the .Southern sweet potato in 
Pennsylvania. New York and the New England markets is raised, some 
one immediately objects that the Southern grown product ])eing more 
moist and not as dry as the sweet ])otatoes sent from New Jer.sey. 
Delaware, Maryland and the eastern shore of Virginia, the Northern 
markets will not take it. 

The answ^er to that objection may be summed up by saying that 
wherever the North has learned the .Southern method of cooking the 
moist or semi-moist sweet potato, they prefer it; but that under present 
conditions they are unable to procure it regularly. 

As the .sweet potato industry extended southward from New 
Jersey into Virginia, instead of attempting to push the sale of the moist 
product of Virginia, the growers accepted the market conditions as 
they found them ; followed the point of least resistance and raised the 
dry kind for sale in the Nothern markets, and kept the more desirable 
moist kind for home consumpticni. 

All that is neces.sary to make a market for our Southern product 
is to follow the same course i)ursued in the Chicago market, to sup- 
plement it with a little advertising; and in each crate of sweet potatoes 
to place printed recijies for cooking and serving same. Working along 

19 



that line, the market will keep ahead of the standardized supply of 
Southern cured sweet potatoes. 

One objection to the Nancy Hall and the dry sweet potato such 
as the Yellow Jerseys, Big Stem Jerseys and Early Carolinas, from 
the producers' standpoint is that they are particularly susceptible to 
stem rot, whereas most of the other commercial varieties are more 
or less resistant. ♦ 

New York Hotel Chefs Prefer the Southern Yam 

Mr. Harry Snowden Stabler, in an article in the Country Gentle- 
man, in February, 1917, on the Southern sweet potato and yam, in 
which he criticised the South for not curing, warehousing and grading 
this crop for Northern markets, said, in substance : From a carload of 
Southern grown yams, he sent a small quantity to a Chef of one of 
the leading New York hotels, and asked him to try them out in the 
kitchen. The Chef cooked them and reported, in substance, that he 
found them of a rich, creamy consistency, sweeter and for superior 
to the more woody sweet potato raised in New Jersey ; that the guests 
showed a preference for them; and that if he could be assured of a 
steady supply of properly cured and graded Southern grown yams 
and sweet potatoes, he would use them regularly, and in considerable 
quantities. He immediately ordered six barrels out of that car. 

Mr. James H. Collins, a special writer, with a wide range of 
agricultural information and markets, whose very interesting articles 
appear frequently in the Country Gentleman" and other leading publi- 
cations, in a conversation with Mr. Spencer, in the latter part of April, 
1917, stated, in substance, that some time ago he sent a dollar to a 
farmer in Arkansas, with a request that he send him, express prepaid 
Arkansas yams to that amount. Mr. Collins received in due course 
something over a peck of yams, which he sent to the Chef of another 
high-class New York Hotel, with the request that he try them out in 
the kitchen. The kiichen test was so satisfactory that the chef im- 
mediately wired the Arkansas farmer offering to buy all he had ; he 
received twelve barrels, but was unable thereafter to secure a regular 
supply of proper grades and varieties, and had to give up their use. 

New York Produce Men Unable to Obtain Southern Yams 

]\Ir. Collins also stated that last Fall he was requested by a large 
produce merchant in New York to put him in touch with a party in 
the South who could make regular shipments of properly cured sweet 
potatoes but that he was unable to supply the desired information. 
Some time' later his friend stopped him on the street, and seemed 
highly elated because he had finally located a man way down South, 
who could supply him with properly cured and standardized yams — 
but he could not get enough for all his requirements. 

It is said by experienced produce men of this city, who should 
know that there is no reason whatever why our best yams like Porto 
Rican and similar varieties cannot be marketed in New Yt)rk and New 
England markets, if prepared and sold in the manner proposed by 
the Sweet Potato Warehouse Company which will be formed here. 

20 



SALES METHODS 

The Sweet Potato Products Company will be partly a marketing 
concern for its stored vegetables and other vegetables shipped to it. 
and will also be a manufacturing concern for the i)urpose of utilizing 
the culls and surplus of the sweet iM)tato and other crops. 

The sales made by the company, whether they are of vegetables, 
or of manufactured products will be conlined exclusively to the jobljers 
and wdiolesalers, in just the same way that any successful manufacturer 
of food products sells his product through that trade channel. Under 
no circumstances with the company sell tf) retailers, peddlers or con- 
sumers. 

A Peculiar Situation 

In Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina, a few wide- 
awake merchants have erected medium sized sweet potato warehouses, 
for curing and storing. In the Fall, they buy the farmers" sweet 
Ix)tatoes and yams at 35 to 40 cents a bushel ; they store them until 
Spring and sell identically the same sweet potatoes and yams back to 
the same farmers for 75 cents a bushel. 

In Jacksonville, we do it differently. The local merchant not 
finding home grown sweet {X)tatoes which have been properly cured 
and graded, sends Xorth for those dry Big Stem Jersey sweet ^x^tatoes, 
and sells them to Floridians who prefer the moist sweet potato like 
the Porto Rican yam ; and he charges them from 25 to 50 cents more 
per bushel than the farmer asks for his product. No Jacksonville 
merchant thought of putting up a warehouse, in which to store them. 

26,000,000 bushels of sweet iX)tatoes were raised in the States of 
Florida, Georgia. South Carolina, North Carolina, and Alabama, in 
1914. or nearly one-half of the total produced in the United States. 
Jacksonville is quite close to the center of that area, and she sends 
North for dry sweet potatoes, when her people much prefer the moist 
yam. 

The Milk in the Covoanut 

We exjject to see a statement published soon that the Jacksonville 
merchant sells those dry sweet jxDtatoes because his trade prefers 
them, just as we see the often-rei)eated statement that the North will 
not take our moist product. 

The truth about the whole matter is that the Northern house wife 
as well as the Floridian is taking what her dealer offers ; and neither 
the Northern merchant or the Jacksonville merchant is willing to take 
the chance of heavy losses on the perishable, uncured, ungraded, moist 
sweet potato and yam which the Southern farmer offers to sell him. 
Your merchant, therefore, buys the dry Rig Stem Jerseys, of the 
"nigger-choker" type, which we raise down here exclusively for stock 
feed ; and that is the "milk in the cocoanut" of the "moist sweet ix)tato 
bug-a-boo" above referred to. 

It was not many years ago that we had a "moist bug-a-boo" in 
the cigar trade — the experts said it was absolutely impossible to manu- 
facture a high-grade cigar on the main-land of Florida. The Key West 
cigars sold better and brought a higher price, and these experts claimed 
the cigar trade never would sell a high-priced Tampa cigar — that is 
all changed now. 

21 



Dumping vs. Selling 

The total production of sweet potatoes for the United States is 
only one-third of the apple crop. The apple is more or less of a 
luxury, but the sweet potato is a staple food product. When times 
are hard its food value is such that it is the only food of many a 
Southern darkey and poor white ; whole islands in the Pacific live on 
this alone at certain seasons (U. S. Bulletin ^24, page j). That is a 
condition that does not exist anywhere as to either the apple or even the 
Irish potato. 

The apple crop is marketed, while the surplus Southern sweet 
potato crop is either "dumped" or permitted to decay. 

We submit that the problem is not a question of production, that 
it is not a question of markets, but that it is a question of conservation 
in proper warehouses, salesmanship, advertising and the utilization 
of the by-products. 



THE ADVANTAGE OF THE LARGE WAREHOUSE 
OVER THE SMALL ONE 

Every farmer should have on his farm a sweet potato warehouse, 
within which to cure and store so much of his crop as is needed for 
his own use. Such warehouses are described in Farmers' Bulletins Nos. 
520 and 548. If, however, he does not ship his surplus to a central 
warehouse in Jacksonville, he will not receive as large a price for his 
product, nor will he receive any money until it is sold, for he will have 
no warehouse receipt on which he may borrow. 

The comparison here made between the large warehouse refers 
to the difference between a large central warehouse at Jacksonville 
(such as The Florida Sweet Potato Products Company, connected with 
which is a strong competent and efficient selling organization) and 
several smaller ones at various shipping points throughout the State. 

More Uniform Heat and Ventilation With Less Loss 

The large warehouse being carefully constructed by experts, and 
being heated and ventilated by modern systems of heating and ventila- 
tion, a more even temperature can be maintained in a large warehouse 
than in a small one ; the percentage of loss will be lower, and the cost 
of heating and ventilation less. The warehouse being in constant need 
of attention to meet the changes in weather conditions, this item alone 
in the smaller warehouses, would be a material item ; and neglect would 
result in the depreciation of the stored product. 

Loans 

The large warehouse, because of its modern equipment, business 
organization and financial standing can be bonded, and its warehouse 
receipts accepted by financial institutions as the basis for loans up to 
60% of the warehoused product. It is doubtful if any loans at all 
could be secured on the receipts of the smaller warehouses. 

22 



Fire Protection 

The large warehouse being eciuipped with modern fire protection, 
and being in a city with modern lire department, not only is danger 
of loss by fire reduced to a minimum, but the insurance on warehouse 
and contents being covered by a l)lanket ])olicy. the insurance cost will 
be lower. 

Theft 

The loss by theft in smaller warehouses may be a serious matter, 
which is entirely avoided in the bonded warehouse. 

Overhead Expenses Less 

Overhead expenses of all kinds are lower in the large warehouse, 
by reason of modern equipment for handling, conveying, loading, 
grading and packing; the cost of materials is reduced because purchased 
in large quantities, and the cost of crates is reduced by box-nailing 
machines, etc. 

Greater Net Income 

Racks for drying must be constructed for the full capacity of the 
small warehouse, which not only increases cost of handling, but makes 
the use of the warehouse for other storage imi^ossible, after the sweet 
potato season has passed, and thus cuts down the revenue of the 
warehouse. In the large warehouse the sweet potatoes being stored 
after curing in crates, piled so as to secure ventilation, only a small 
number of racks is required, the cost of handling is reduced, and the 
warehouse may be used for other purposes after the sweet potato crop 
is out of the way. 

Lower Losses 

In warehouses for storing vegetables, especially a warehouse 
which must be maintained at the temperature necessary for sweet 
potatoes, there is an increasing danger from year to year of destructive 
plant diseases resulting in loss by decay of the stored product. A 
large warehouse having fewer drying racks, and the floors and walls 
for the greater part being unobstructed, all germs and spores of plant 
diseases, will be killed after the storage season is over by spraying of 
walls, floors and ceilings with proper fungicides. This would be difficult 
of accomplishment in the smaller warehouses ; it would i^robably not 
be done at all, and the farmer might easily find that in the end his 
stored product has been either greatly injured, or entirely destroyed 
in the small local warehouse. This is. furthermore, a matter which 
would be seriously considered by a bank in loaning on warehouse re- 
ceipts, and will have a material effect on the amount -which can be 
borrowed on warehouse receipts of this kind. 

Sales Department 

A large warehouse company could by employing a competent Sales 
Manager, sell the farmers' product stored with it. on commission, and 
by reason of having control of the greater ])art of the jiroduot produced 
in the territory, could stabilize prices and insure a highly profitable 
return to the farmer ; as well as materially increase the amount which 
the farmer could l)orrow on his warehouse certificates. Being located 

23 



in the most important distributing center in the Southeast, the Jack- 
sonville warehouse will be able to quickly take advantage of market 
conditions, and will effect a material saving on freight rates. Numerous 
small warehouses acting independently would break down the market 
and decrease the amount which the farmer could borrow on his ware- 
house receipts, provided he was able to borrow at all. 

Grading and Packing 

The grades and packs established by a large warehouse company 
will have a standing in the produce markets which the small warehouse 
can never expect to attain. 

Will Stabilize Prices 

By marketing through a large central organization of this kind 
prices can be easily maintained ; while sales through numerous in- 
dependent warehouses acting independently invariably breaks down the 
market. 

Settlement of Claims 

The large concern with its modern business organization can 
quickly handle and settle freight claims, as well as claims by customers 
arising from defects in packing, etc., which are constantly arising in a 
business of this kind. 

Utilization of Culls 

The sweet potatoes being shipped to the warehouse in field boxes 
will be graded by the warehouse company, and in such grading a con- 
siderable percentage will be thrown out as culls. These culls would 
be a loss to the farmer or smaller warehouses, but the large concern 
being able to manufacture them into one or more of the seven by- 
products of the sweet potato, could pay the farmer a fair price for 
same ; and still leave the warehouse company a good profit on its 
manufacturing enterprise. 

Seed Sweet Potatoes and Plants 

The large concern can either grow, or contract for the growing 
of an ample supply of sweet potato plants of the proper varieties, best 
suited to the markets to be supplied, and after making a small profit 
on the transaction, effect a saving to the farmer. By carefully in- 
specting the seed ix)tatoes from which such plants are grown, the 
large concern would prevent losses from disease, if any, which might 
otherwise arise. If the farmer preferred to grow his own plants, the 
company would select from its stored stock of sweet potatoes the very 
best for seed. 

Field Department 

During the Spring and Summer season the large concern, through 
its Field Department, will be able to go out among the farmers and 
secure the planting of the proper varieties and acreage to meet market 
requirements, and thus build up the sweet potato industry. 

Other Benefits 

The service which the large concern could render the farmer, 
without cost to him, as an information bureau, as to market and crop 

24 



conditions of crops in this and other parts of the United States, which 
is an important matter in (leci(hng upon the kind and acreage of crops 
to be planted ; as well as in utilizing the surplus of the sweet [X)tato and 
other crops in its manufacturing dci)artment, after the profitable 
shipping season for such crops has passed, would not only be of in- 
estimable value to the farmer, but would rapidly build up the agri- 
cultural industry within a reasonable shii)i)ing distance of the ware- 
house. 

Being in close touch with the great markets, it will be able to give 
valuable advance information to the farmer as to the most profitable 
crops to plant each winter. 

The Company would thus render a service to the farmer and to 
this territory, which could not well be furnished in any other way. 

tHE AGRICULTURAL SITUATION IN 
DUVAL COUNTY 

Duval County has about ten per cent, of the population of the 
great State of Florida, and it has a much greater percentage of its 
wealth and capital. 

With artesian water for irrigation ; with a soil well adapted to 
the cheap surface irrigation used for centuries in various parts of the 
world, and for many years in our Western irrigation district with 
wonderful results ; with soils of unusual fertility ; with waterways af- 
fording excellent drainage outlets ; with the finest transportation fa- 
cilities on the Atlantic Coast .south of the James River ; with the largest 
city in Florida as its county seat and the distributing center of food 
and other supplies for Florida and parts of other Southeastern States, 
including the winter hotel trade of the East Coast; it should be the 
greatest agricultural producing territory south of Norfolk, and yet. 
within the entire county, it has not one community or shipping station 
that produces any agricultural product in carlots. 

The lands within a radius of ten miles around Jacksonville, ex- 
cept as to a very few tracts, must be devoted to truck crops and general 
farming. Being cut up into small tracts of five, ten, twenty, forty, and 
a comparatively few eighty. 100 and 200-acre tracts, the farms are too 
small in size for stock raising, excei)t in connection with general farm 
operations. 

Did you ever take a map of Duval County, and mark upon it these 
small ownerships, by hundreds of persons in all parts of the Nation, 
very few of whom reside upon the land? How many large or medium 
sized stock farms can be located west of Jacksonville .south of Trout 
Creek and east of Whitehouse? 

Provide a money crop, like sweet [X^tatoes, and a large percentage 
of those land owners will do one of two things — they will either farm 
the land themselves, or hunt up some one who will, and sell it to them 
— at a profit. With a money crop, every owner will be a farmer, or 
active in securing the cultivation of the land he owns; without a 
money crop, many become "knockers." 

In the annual ])ro(luction of truck crops on the .\tlanlic Coast, 
between Norfolk and Savatmah, which the Agricultural Department 
-states amounts to over $15,000,000 annually: and with vast areas 

2S 



jjlanted to truck crops south of Jacksonville, from which more than 
70,000 cars are shipped out of Florida each year, Duval County does 
not produce so much as one carload at any one point, and the Jack- 
sonville producing territory is unknown in the great markets. 

We can produce all the crops any other Florida point can produce 
north of the Manatee, and we can market any of them within ten days 
of the time they can market them, and as to some of them, ^an market 
just as early as any Florida point. Our freight rates are less — in fact 
the saving on freight rates for every acre of cabbage grown 20 miles 
south of Jacksonville amounts to $75. an acre each year. 

Very little thought will convince any man that the proposed ware- 
house, with its manufacturing plant and competent sales force will 
put Duval County on a carload basis the iirst year, and that she will 
grow rapidly thereafter. 

The carlot-producing territory of Hastings, Florida, is known the 
country over for its early Irish potatoes. That crop, however, must be 
marketed quickly, and it is subject to a wide range of prices; and with 
its continued growth in one locality, there is an annual increase in plant 
diseases and insect enemies, which affect production and profits. That 
condition dOes not exist as to sweet potatoes. 

We ought to make Duval County, and Jacksonville known as the 
sweet potato center of the South, and it can be done by the proposed 
warehouse with its efficient selling organization. 

The Hastings section had over 11,000 acres in Irish potatoes this 
year and will ship over 3,000 cars, valued at $4,000,000. The photo- 
graph below was taken at Hastings April 26. 1917. 




In the produce trade of the Nation, the carload i^ the standard unit of today- 
it seldom thinks in other terms; while grandmother' s basket and the 
farm-uiaaon are the marketing units of yesterday 



26 



CARLO! PRODUCTION IS THE FOUNDATION OF SUC- 
CESSFUL AGRICULTURE IN DUVAL COUNTY 

"The carlot is the modern unit in farm-marketing * * * and the 
farmers' wagon of today. The httle odd shipments sent in by farmers 
nearby, for sale on commission, still figure heavily in number. But 
standard stufT in carlots has made them poor merchandise." 

"Some months ago, I walked through a farmers' market in a 
Southern City. It was an old institution, on land left years ago as a 
legacy. There were plenty of real farmers there with loaded wagons. 
But their stuff was of poor quality, according to produce trade .stand- 
ards, haphazard in both growth and grading" 

"Inquiry showed that most of them came from a poor mountain 
section 'back beyond,' and that some had spent a couple of days getting 
to market, and would be as long getting home again. Round that very 
city however, is rich valley land tilled by prosperous farmers. None 
of them are seen in the market, however, nor are their products, for 
they all raise high-class stuff' and ship to the big cities in carlots." 

"Find any farming section in the United States that is making 
money steadily out of fruit, vegetables, poultry, dairy products and the 
trimmings of agriculture generally, and you will find a place that has 
learned to grow high-class stuff and send it to market long distances 
in freight carloads at the lowest carload rates." 

"The big, famous carlot producing sections are almost always 
prosperous commimities where farming has been carried to high. stand- 
ards, for back of the carlot must be the latest science in grading, pack- 
ing and selling." 

James H. Collins, in ''The Country Oentleman," May 22nd, 1915. 

The Southern city described by Mr. Collins might well be Jack- 
.sonville, except that we are not yet on a carload basis in any part of the 
county. 

We have in Florida many examples of prosperous carlot pro- 
ducing sections, and their nimiber is increasing yearly. 

Carlots are frequently sold while in transit before reaching desti- 
nation ; and they are diverted to destinations other than the one first 
named in the bill-of-lading. This cannot be done in less than carload 
shipments. 

"Important instances of this practice of diverting a consignment 
en route are afforded in the movement of fruits and vegetables from 
Southern States. A commission firm, whose head ofiice is in Pitts- 
burgh, Pa., distributes its marketings in this way. On receipt of a 
telegram, say, from a Georgia shipper, announcing that he has a car 
ready to move, the head of this firm decides at once on the general 
direction for the car to go. If the West promises the best markets 
for the next several days, the shipper may be notified to consign to 
Cincinnati, or if the car is to go to an Eastern city, the consignment 
may be made to I'otomac Yard, a freight transfer point on the Potomac 
River opposite Washington. D. C. At each of these diversion |K>ints a 
representative of the commission firm opens the car, inspects the con- 
tents, and reports the results by telegraph or telephone to the Pitts- 
burgh office, which is kept informed of market conditions in dift'erent 
cities. The agent at the diversion point will then receive orders as to 

the final destination of the car." 

[7. .S. linrrau of Markets No. its. page /7. 

27 






The 

Southern Field 



Issued from the office of the Southern Railway System 
Development Service, Washington, D. C, 

M. V. RICHARDS, Commissioner 
H. E. WAERNICKE. Assistant Commissioner 



THE SOUTHERN FIELD is published in the 
interest of the territory in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, 
Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Southern Illinois 
and Southern Indiana, reached by the lines of the 
Southern Railway System, Southern Railway in Missis- 
sippi, Mobile & Ohio Railroad, and Georgia Southern & 
Florida Railway.! 

The services of the Southern Railway System Develop- 
ment Service are at the command of all who seek a 
location in this section. 

WASHINGTON, D. C. MAY. 1917 

f 
New Use for Yams 

Greenville, S. C, has a factory making 
nuts, puddings and flakes from the South- 
ern yam. The nuts and flakes appear 
much like the average light breakfast 
foods now on the market. The pudding is 
turned out in grains the size of sugar, and 
is turned into pudding for the table ac- 
cording to instructions given. The com- 
pany operating the factory has now only 
a small plant, but it has organized with a 
capital of $250,000 and the construction of 
a new plant to have a capacity of 1,000 
bushels a day will soon begin. It has been 
paying 70 to 8.5 cents a bushel for pota- 
toes, and has contracted for a large sup- 
ply after March 1 at $1 a bushel. 



Clipping from the Southern Field. 



} 



A similar plant in connection with a sweet 
potato curing and storage warehouse is pro- 
posed for Jacksonville. 



May 19 igij 



9F( 



Fi-ve Cents the Copy 



e 



COUNTRY 
GENTLEMAN 

■TRe OLDEST AGRICULTURAL -JOURNAL in the WORLD 



TliG 1917 food crisis is the greatest iii the history of the world. 

The ^ast majority of our people refuse to realize tlie enicrgencv. I 
I hey express alami over rising prices, y<i\ assume that p 
the first peace mo\'e will bring relief. 

IT WILL NOT. ^ 

bixtv million \vorkcrs ha\e been withdrawn 
_ from normal production in Europe. 




RcscrAe stocks of meat, grain, butter, 
eggs, canned food have been stead- 
ily sagging below the danger level. 
1^ 
Europe has bought for future 
deliNcr> 300.000,000 bushels 
of 191^ wheat. Unless Federal regula- 
tion intervenes wheat may sell at*5.00 
or c\en *4.00 a bushel. 

It is up \o the American Ftirmcr to sta\« 
off a graver calamity than anv that 
has so tar a^avAfiA the World Var. 



Fjilixicfs (roin llw first ofa serifs of articles beginmn^ m <his number, entitled 



Feeding tfie. World 

by Barton W. Curric 



"l^G CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY Phifadelphla 

TIic Nation is not goiiiK Id starve, hut foodstuffs like corn, wheat, cannt'l goods, etc.. 
which can W exijorted. and .stored for long periods, without deterioration, will he shipped 
ahroad in such quantities as to make a deficiency of those footlstulTs in this country — a 
deficiency that must he sui)plied hy other food i)roducts. 

"It has heen plain for some time that the canning industry was suffering on account of 
inadequate supplies of raw material. While there is pig-tin in this country, if there were a 
slight interruption in tlie supply, the residt would he very serious. Sink one ship with l.iOOto 
1,400 tons of tin. and it will he well-nigh im|><)Ssil)lc to overcome the CMiditi. n created."— 
Frank /:'. Gone!!. Scc'y Xaticual Can 11 r is' .issofialioii. I'ig-tin is imported. 

Today we do not feel the iiinch. liecausc we must keep our foodstuffs fcir want of ships to 
move them: tomorrow a vast fleet of new shijjs will make a ditTerent situation. 

I'nder tliose conditions, we will consume more vegetahles. The sweet potato is second 
only to the Irish [Kifato as a vegetahic crop: properly cured they keep for months and staml 
long-distance-railroad shipment well. 

The U. S. May Crop Report shows that the farm-price of sweet potatoes in .\pnl was 
$1.24 and in May $1.41 — that price means cured, standardized sweet potatoes. 

The time seems opportune to estal)lish the sweet potato ii\dustry in Duval County. 




LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 




002 685 646 2 




The Cheapest Carrier of Farm Products. One of Many Steamships Between Jacksonville 

AND THE North 



The five States of Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North 
Carolina, and Alabama produce about one-half of all the sweet 
potatoes annually produced in the United States. 

Jacksonville is the nearest seaport to the center of that 
great sweet potato industry. 

About one-third of the total production in these States is 
annually lost by decay in make-shift, outdoor earth-banks. 

Jacksonville can save cdl the sweet potatoes avcdlable for 
market within a reasonable shipping distance this year, by 
the methods outlined in this bulletin — and make money doing 
it. 




I'uu I r.l jAi 



I I AS Lnu I'Kl K.I IT l\AI 



